Tag: Mikrowelle Chemie
Peptid-Synthese im Liberty Blue
The insulin-like peptide human relaxin-2 was identified as a hormone that, among other biological functions, mediates the hemodynamic changes occurring during pregnancy. Recombinant relaxin-2 (serelaxin) has shown beneficial effects in acute heart failure, but its full therapeutic potential has been hampered by its short half-life and the need for intravenous administration limiting its use to intensive care units. In this study, we report the development of long-acting potent single-chain relaxin peptide mimetics. Modifications in the B-chain of relaxin, such as the introduction of specific mutations and the trimming of the sequence to an optimal size, resulted in potent, structurally simplified peptide agonists of the relaxin receptor Relaxin Family Peptide Receptor 1 (RXFP1) (e.g., 54). Introduction of suitable spacers and fatty acids led to the identification of single-chain lipidated peptide agonists of RXFP1, with sub-nanomolar activity, high subcutaneous bioavailability, extended half-lives, and in vivo efficacy (e.g., 64).
A highly improved and green methodology for the direct amidation of carboxylic acids with amines using silica gel as a solid support and catalyst is described. The scope of this method is exemplified by the use of several aliphatic, aromatic, unsaturated and fatty acids. The reaction is also applied to different primary and secondary amines. Typically, the amines should be aliphatic, but aromatic amines can be used as well, though with lower yields. Several experiments to illustrate the selectivity of this methodology were also carried out with several more functionalized acids and amines. This approach is a substantial improvement over other previously described methods in amide synthesis.
Amine (1.5 mmol) and carboxylic acid (1.5 mmol) were dissolved in ethyl acetate (15 mL), then silica gel 60 230-400 mesh (1.0 g) was added. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure, the reactant mixture was transferred to a microwaves tube, and it was set to react in a CEM microwave reactor in cycles of 20 minutes at a power of 200 W maintaining constant temperature at 130 °C, and a hold time of 2 minutes. The reactant mixture was allowed to cool to room temperature, sonicated for 20 minutes with 30 mL of ethyl acetate, filtered, and the silica was washed with another 30 mL of ethyl acetate. The organic phase was washed with a saturated solution of NaHCO3 and HCl (10%), dried over MgSO4, filtered and the solvent was withdrawn under reduced pressure to obtain the pure product. In some cases flash chromatography was and it is indicated in the characterization data.
Mittwoch, 24.2.2021 um 14.00 Uhr
Soil is one of the most common matrices in which semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) are present. The extraction of these compounds from soil can be a lengthy and tedious process. Pressurized Fluid Extraction on the EDGE and Microwave Assisted Solvent Extraction (MASE) on the MARS 6 are proven techniques that are fast, simple, and efficient. EDGE is ideal for difficult samples while MARS 6 is ideal for high throughput labs dealing with hundreds of samples per day. Adhering to US EPA 3545A the EDGE offers a rapid automated process that yields a filtered sample. Adhering to US EPA 3546, the MARS 6 also offers an efficient extraction of up to 24 samples simultaneously. These two techniques offers solutions for rapid, simple and efficient extraction of SVOCs from soil. Join CEM’s Benedict Liu and Alicia Douglas Stell, PhD as they compare two methods for extraction of SVOCs from soil and discuss how each system can benefit your lab.
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Warum eigentlich Mikrowellen-Synthese?
Mikrowellenunterstützte Synthesen ermöglichen den Synthese-Chemikern ganz neue Wege zum gewünschten Produkt (Wirkstoff). Mit einem Höchstmaß an Flexibilität und bisher nicht vorhandenen Kontrollmöglichkeiten der Reaktionsparameter ermöglicht die Mikrowellen-Chemie ein direktes Einkoppeln der Energie in die gewünschten Reaktionen. In kürzester Zeit wird die notwendige Aktivierungsenergie der Reaktion zugeführt, was sich in der Beschleunigung gegenüber traditionellen Reaktionsbedingungen niederschlägt. So sind Zeitverkürzungen um den Faktor 100 bis 1000 keine Seltenheit. Die mikrowellenunterstützte Synthese ist zweifelsfrei der schnellste und der produktivste Weg zum gewünschten Wirkstoff. Über 5000 Literaturstellen mit stark zunehmender Tendenz berichten von den Möglichkeiten dieser Technologie
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Justyna KAŹMIERCZAK-RAŹNA, Piotr NOWICKI, Robert PIETRZAK Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu, Wydział Chemii Pracownia Chemii Stosowanej ul. Umultowska 89b, 61-614 Poznań
The Use of Microwave Radiation in Preparation of the Carbonaceous Adsorbents
Activated carbons from low quality hay were obtained with the use of microwave heat-ing and applied as adsorbents of gaseous pollutants of acidic character. The precursor was subjected to pyrolysis at 400ºC in nitrogen atmosphere and next to physical activation with CO2 at 500÷700ºC. The influence of process variables such as the temperature and activation time on elemental composition, textural parameters, chemical character of the surface and sorption properties of the products obtained was studied. The sorption properties of the activated carbons obtained were characterized by determination of hydrogen sulphide and nitrogen dioxide adsorption from the flux of gases, in dry and wet conditions. Depending on the procedure of activation, the final products were microporous carbons of rather low sur-face area ranging from 218 to 325 m2/g and pore volume from 0.16 to 0.22 cm3/g, showing clearly basic character of the surface. The results obtained in our study have proved that by activation of biodegradable waste materials it is possible to produce carbonaceous adsor-bents with relatively high sorption ability toward toxic gases, reaching to 20.9 and 46.8 mg/g for hydrogen sulfide and nitrogen dioxide, respectively. The results have also showed that effectiveness of H2S and NO2 removal from the flux of gases depends on a large extent on the temperature and time of activation as well as adsorption conditions. All materials under investigation showed higher sorption capacity towards both gases in wet conditions, when steam was present in the gas stream. The results obtained in our study have also proved that after a suitable optimization of carbonaceous sorbents production procedure, activation with the use of microwave radiation may be a cheaper and faster alternative for conventional heating applied nowadays.
Keywords: activated carbons, microwave radiation, adsorption from gas phas
Mikrowellensynthese im MARS:
Rapid, microwave-assisted synthesis of Gd2O3 and Eu:Gd2O3 nanocrystals: characterization, magnetic, optical and biological studies
The authors investigated several strategies, based on the use of microwave-assisted solid-phase peptide synthesis (MW-SPPS) and scalable to kilogram-scale manufacturing, for the preparation of Eptifibatide, a disulfide-bridged cyclo-heptapeptide drug approved as an antithrombotic agent. Following the very fast microwave-assisted Fmoc/tBu synthesis of the linear precursor, we explored both the solution (off-resin) and the solid-phase (on-resin) disulfide formation. In order to optimize the oxidation in solution, we focused our attention on the mild disulfide formation procedure based on the use of air, observing some drawbacks, such as the formation of unwanted oxidation byproducts, such as dimers, or the use of large volumes of an environmentally unfriendly solvent (CH3CN). In order to overcome these difficulties, we studied four different on-resin strategies, with the final aim to develop a fully automated, single reactor procedure, exploring different strategies to protect the thiol side-chain functional group on the C-terminal Cys residue and to form the Eptifibatide ring. The main difference among these strategies is represented by the final cyclization mode that was obtained either by direct formation of an S–S disulfide bridge or by head to MPA on cysteine side-chain amide bond formation. In conclusion, the optimization of the latter strategy enabled us to devise an optimized scalable fully automated solid-phase microwave-assisted cGMP-ready process to prepare Eptifibatide.
This Feature Article gives an overview of microwave-assisted liquid phase routes to inorganic nanomaterials. Whereas microwave chemistry is a well-established technique in organic synthesis, its use in inorganic nanomaterials‘ synthesis is still at the beginning and far away from having reached its full potential. However, the rapidly growing number of publications in this field suggests that microwave chemistry will play an outstanding role in the broad field of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology. This article is not meant to give an exhaustive overview of all nanomaterials synthesized by the microwave technique, but to discuss the new opportunities that arise as a result of the unique features of microwave chemistry. Principles, advantages and limitations of microwave chemistry are introduced, its application in the synthesis of different classes of functional nanomaterials is discussed, and finally expected benefits for nanomaterials‘ synthesis are elaborated.
Dunkle Schokolade im Test
Messung der Schwermetallgehalte mit dem Mars 6
Servicezeit . 18.11.2020. 05:20 Min..
Stolze 9,2 Kilogramm verdrückt jeder Deutsche im Durchschnitt pro Jahr. Knapp ein Viertel davon entfällt auf dunkle Sorten. Die enthalten meistens weniger Zucker und mehr Kakao als Milchschokolade – sie gelten daher auch als Schokoladen für Genießer. Stiftung Warentest hat viele dieser Sorten geprüft und dabei große Unterschiede festgestellt.
Im kostenfreien Web-Seminar erläutern die Referenten Frau Dr. Monika Swiontek und Herr Dr. Christian Behn die unterschiedlichen Techniken zur schnellen und flexiblen Peptid-Synthese.
Die Synthese unter Mikrowellenaktivierung ermöglicht in wenigen Stunden die Darstellung reiner Peptide statt wie üblich in vielen Tagen. Synthesemaßstäbe von Milligramm Mengen bis zur Produktion im kg-Bereich werden vorgestellt. Während einer live Vorführung im Labor erleben Sie einen Kopplungszyklus und lernen dabei die einfache intuitive Software kennen. In Ergänzung dazu werden flexible Formate der multiplen parallelen Synthese vorgestellt, wie z. B. SPOT-Synthese, Festphasensynthese in 96er Filterplatten- und Filtersäulen zur Synthese von Peptid- und PNA-Bibliotheken. Zusätzlich wird ein Aspekt der beiden Referenten auf die Abspaltung der fertig synthetisierten Peptide gelegt und es werden zwei moderne Cleavage-Systeme vorgestellt.
Mittwoch, den 9. Dezember 2020, 10.00 – 11.30 Uhr und 14.00 – 15.30 Uhr
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